Dr. Ray L. Winstead
IUP Professor of Biology

        A. Beginning Concepts, e.g., the importance of statistics to biologists, the proper planning of a research project, the concept of the null hypothesis and its importance as a good approach to research. (Read chapters 1-2 p. 1-19; p. 79-80 in Z*)(Read chapter 1 p. 1-7 in S&R*)

        B. First hands-on experience in practical applications (p. 1-2 in H*; chapter 2 p. 7-21 in H)

II. Data in Biology - Background - Descriptive Statistics

(Chapters 3-4 p. 20-46 in Z)(Chapter 2 p. 8-31; Chapter 4 p. 39-59 in S&R)

III. Probability Distributions

        A. Introduction (Chapter 5 p. 48-63 in Z)(p. 61-71 in S&R)

        B. The Normal Distribution (Chapter 6 p. 65-89, note p. 115-120 in Z)
            (chapter 6 p. 98-125 in S&R)

IV. Estimation, Confidence Limits, Sample Size

        A. Estimation and Confidence Limits (p. 98-104, p. 110-111 in Z)
            (p. 127-157 in S&R)

        B. Sample size for an estimate (p. 107-111 in Z)

V. Hypothesis Testing: Introductory Cases

    A. Introduction (chapter 4 p. 38-54 in H) (p. 157-169 in S&R)

    B. Testing a single population mean against a hypothetical (standard) value (p. 91-98 in Z)(p. 169-175 in S&R)
        1. Normally distributed population with population variance known
        2. Normally distributed population with population variance
            unknown
        3. Population not normally distributed

    C. Testing the difference between two population means
        1. Normally distributed populations with population variances
            known
        2. Normally distributed populations with population variances
            unknown
            a. Variances assumed to be equal (p. 122-127 in Z)
                (p. 206-211 in H) (p. 223-229 in S&R)
            b. Variances assumed to be unequal (p. 127-129, note p. 129-136 in Z)
                (Also see section H. below)
        3. Populations not normally distributed

    D. Paired Comparisons (p. 161-164 in Z)(p. 212-215 in H) (p. 353-354 in S&R)

    E. Testing a single population proportion against a hypothetical value

    F. Testing the difference between two population proportions
        (p. 555-557, note p. 558-568 in Z)(note p. 741 in S&R)

    G. Testing a single population variance against a hypothetical value
        (p 112-114 in Z)(p. 175-176 in S&R)

    H. Testing the difference between two population variances
          (p. 136-141 in Z)(p. 185-190 in S&R)

VI. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

    A. The logic of ANOVA (p. 177, 178, 183 in Z)(chapter 8 p. 179-200 in S&R)

    B. Fixed-effects model ANOVA and random-effects model ANOVA
        (p. 184-185, 243 in Z)(p. 128 in H)(p. 200-205 in S&R)

    C. One-Way ANOVA (p. 178-195 in Z)(chapter 7 p. 120-144 in H)
         (chapter 9 p. 207-223 in S&R)

    D. Specific Comparisons or Multiple Comparison Tests (p. 208-222 in Z)
         (p. 297-300, p. 313-327 in H) (chapter 9 p. 229-261 in S&R)

    E. Strength of Association Measures (chapter 11 p. 329-332, p. 334-337 in H)

    F. Randomized Block Design and Repeated-Measures Design (p. 188, 189, 250-260 in Z) (p. 166-174, note p. 175-205 in H)
        (p. 342-356 in S&R)

    G. Factorial ANOVA: Two-Way ANOVA (p. 231-250, 260-263 in Z)
         (p. 145-155 in H) (p. 321-342, p. 357-360 in S&R)

    H. Assumptions of ANOVA (p. 185-189 in Z)(p. 392-409 in S&R)

    I. Transformations (p. 273-280 in Z)(p. 409-422 in S&R)

        (Also see p. 261-264, p. 276-296 in H; p. 260-265 in S&R)

VII. Linear Regression

    A. Introduction (p. 324-329, 332-333, 344 in Z)(p.451-457 in S&R)

    B. Fitting the best line to the data (p. 329-332 in Z)(p. 457-466 in S&R)

    C. Evaluation of fitted regression line (p. 333-342, 345-358 in Z)
        (p. 466-493 in S&R)

    D. Comparison of regression lines (p. 360-375; note p. 452-459 in Z)
        (p. 493-502, note p. 499-549 and p. 609-681 in S&R)

VIII. Correlation

            (p. 377-410 in Z) (p. 338-365 in H) (chapter 15 p. 561-601 in S&R)

IX. Nonparametric Tests: Analysis of Frequency Data
        (chapter 5, p. 57-95, p. 264-273 in H)

    A. Goodness of fit test: Chi-square Test (p. 461-483 in Z)
        (p. 685-724 in S&R)

    B. Test of Independence or Association: Chi-square Test (p. 486-514 in Z)
        (p. 724-760, p. 778-787; note p. 760-778 in S&R)

X. Other Selected Nonparametric Statistical Tests: Analysis of Ordered Data
        (p. 96-119 in H)(p. 423-447 in S&R)

    A. Rank-Sums Test (p. 102-107 in H)

    B. Kruskal-Wallis Test (p. 196-200, 223-226 in Z) (p. 107-111 in H)
        (p. 423-427 in S&R)

    C. Sign Test (Within-subjects) (p. 538-542 in Z) (p. 112-115 in H)
        (p. 444-445 in S&R)

    D. Friedman Test (Within-subjects) (p. 263-268 in Z) (p. 115-119 in H)

    E. Mann-Whitney U-Test (p. 146-155 in Z)(p. 427-431 in S&R)

    F. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample Test (p. 434-439 in S&R)

    G. Wilcoxon's Paired-Sample Signed-Ranks Test (Within-subjects)
        (p. 165-169 in Z)(p. 440, 442-444 in S&R)

H = Linton and Gallo, The Practical Statistician: simplified Handbook of Statistics, 1975

S&R = Sokal and Rohlf, Biometry, Third Edition, 1995