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A. NAME.

B. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER.

C. SEAT NUMBER (The number at the top of this page).

B. EXAM NO.: 11

4. When taking the exam, read each question CAREFULLY. Wording of the questions may be slightly different than what you are expecting, and a single word can often change the entire meaning of a question. There is only one best answer for each question. If you are not sure of an answer you may want to move on and return to it later.

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Multiple Choice (2 points each)

1.  Archaeopteryx is evidence of an evolutionary link between

a. dinosaurs and birds.
b. humans and other apes.
c. Whales and land mammals.
d. amphibians and reptiles.
e. pandas and bears

2.  The large head of humans has been described as an example of

a. convergent evolution.
b. preadaptation.
c. paedomorphosis.
d. a vestigial structure.
e. sexual selection.

3.  Based on biochemical similarities chimpanzees are most closely related to

a. humans.
b. gorillas.
c. orangutans. d. lemurs.
e. gibbons.

4.  If two populations of a single species become isolated by a geographical barrier they may begin to diverge genetically. Which of the following processes will not contribute to this divergence?

a. genetic drift
b. gene flow
c. mutation
d. selection

5. W_AA is the evolutionary fitness of individuals with genotype AA. Now, if W_AA = W_AA' = 0.5 and if W_A'A' = 1 which of the following statements is true.

a. The A allele is dominant and beneficial compared to the A' allele.
b. The A allele is recessive and beneficial compared to the A' allele.
c. The A allele is dominant and harmful compared to the A' allele.
d. The A allele is recessive and harmful compared to the A' allele.

6. Which of these gases was not present in the atmosphere when the earth was first formed?

a. nitrogen
b. ammonia
c. carbon dioxide
d. methane
e. oxygen

7. Which of the following does not come under the category of genetic drift?

a. the founder effect
d. the bottleneck effect
b. sexual recombination
e. gene flow
c. mortality due to chance events

8. Which evolutionary principle or process(es) is (are) illustrated by the Galapagos finches?

a. the founder effect
d. adaptive radiation
b. convergent evolution
e. all of the above
c. allopatric speciation

9. This figure shows the distribution of wing length in a population of dragonflies. Also shown are three portions (A, B and C) of that distribution. If stabilizing selection is in operation which portion(s) of the population will be selected against and least likely to have their genes represented in the next generation?

a. A or C only (one or the other but not both)
b. both A and C (simultaneously)
c. B only
d. all three: A, B and C

10. Natural selection acts directly on

a. the phenotype.
b. the genotype.
c. the entire genome.
d. each allele.
e. the entire gene pool.

11. Which of the following best explains the evolution of the peacock’s large tail?

a. parental investment
b. mate competition sexual selection
c. predation risk
d. co-evolution
e. runaway selection

12. The forelimbs of birds and bats are

a. homologous
b. analogous.
c. convergent.
d. both homologous and convergent.
e. both analogous and convergent. 

13. The first step in speciation in animals is usually

a. evolution of premating isolating mechanisms.
b. evolution of hybrid sterility.
c. evolution of postmating isolating mechanisms.
d. character displacement.
e. geographic separation of populations. 

14. Carbon-14 spontaneously decays into nitrogen-14 with a half life of 5,730 years. If a bone has a carbon-14/nitrogen-14 ratio equal to 1:3 how old is the bone in years?

a. less than 5,730
b. 5,730
c. 11,460
d. 17,190
e. more than 17,190 

15. Most biological diversity has probably arisen by

a. anagenesis.
b. cladogenesis.
c. phyletic evolution.
d. gene flow.
e. sympatric speciation.

16. Darwin's concept of Natural Selection is closest in meaning to which of the following statements?

a. In any population variation exists and much of this variation is heritable.
b. Individuals with more favorable traits are more likely to reproduce and these inherited favorable traits become more common in succeeding generations.
c. Individuals of a species naturally select the habitat and niche to which they are best suited.
d. Like begets like; there is stability in the process of reproduction.
e. There is random mating in a population and no selection for or against either member of an allelic pair.

17. The co-developer of the theory of natural selection was

a. Lamark.
b. Maynard Smith.
c. Linnaeus.
d. Wilson.
e. Wallace. 

18. Cladistics is

a. a method for developing phylogenetic trees.
b. one cause of the bottleneck effect.
c. a type of polyploidy.
d. the cause of continental drift.

19. Male fireflies attract mates by flashing a signal with their luminescent abdomen as they fly through the air. Each species has its own pattern of flashes which can be easily distinguished from that of other species. You can often observe males of several different species trying to attract females at the same time and in the same area. The different species do not hybridize, however, because females respond only to males of their own species. This is an example of

a. habitat isolation.
b. temporal isolation.
c. mechanical incompatibility.
d. hybrid inviability.
e. behavioral isolationf. hybrid sterility.

20. Depending on whether a taxonomist is a "splitter" or a "lumper" there is often more than one way to combine species into genera. One of these classifications, however, is obviously invalid. Which one? (choose a, b, c or d)

GENUS 1 GENUS 2 GENUS 3 GENUS 4

a. A B C        D             E F           G H

b. A             B C           D E          F G H

c. A             B C         D E  F         G H

 

21. Dinosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates during the

a. Pre-Cambrian.
b. Paleozoic Era.
c. Mesozoic Era.
d. Cenozoic Era.

22. Rhagoletes, the apple maggot fruit fly, is believed to be an example of incipient

a. kin selection.
b. co-evolution.
c. autopolyploidy.
d. sympatric speciation.
e. allopatric speciation.

23. Hominids first appeared in the

a. Pre-Cambrian.
b. Paleozoic Era
c. Mesozoic Era.
d. Cenozoic Era.

24. Which of the following is not a postulate of historical evolution?

a. All life evolved from one (or a few kinds of) organism(s).
b. Extinct species do not reappear.
c. Prokaryotes first evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago.
d. Differences between species increase with the age of their most recent common ancestor.

25. Which of the following individuals is currently most qualified for winning a "Most-Fit Phenotype" (in an evolutionary sense) contest?

a. Mindy Meek, a widow with 8 poorly behaved children and modest income.
b. Sam Sarcomere, with 2 consecutive Mr. Universe titles and no wife or kids to tie him down.
c. Joe and Jane Average with their 3.8 bedroom house and 2.3 children.
d. Dave and Mary Above-Average with their 4.5 bedroom house and 4.8 children.
e. Oscar Organic, who runs a health food farm with his whole-wheat mamma, no kids, and has never been sick a day in his life.

26. The first hominid species known to have made tools was Homo

a. sapiens.
b. boisei.
c. afarensis.
d. habilis.
e. erectus.
f. africanus.

27. Sperm competition is a form of

a. altruism.
b. mate choice sexual selection.
c. mate competition sexual selection.
d. interspecific competition.
e. none of the above.

28. In a population of moths we find that 49% of the individuals have the genotype AA, 42% are AA' and 9% are A'A'. What is the frequency of the A allele in the gene pool?

a. 10%
b. 24.5%
c. 49%
d. 70%
e. 100%

29. As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

a. the development of culture
b. language
c. an erect stance
d. toolmaking
e. an enlarged brain

30. By the mid 19th century the intellectual climate of Europe was favorable for Darwin's Theory. Which of the following did not contribute to this climate?

a. The industrial revolution
b. The discovery that the Earth was not the center of the Universe
c. Mendel's discovery of the laws of inheritance
d. The discovery of fossils of extinct organisms
e. All of the above were important.

31. A particular population of maple trees lives in an area where the environment is becoming progressively more arid (drier). The average surface area of leaves has been decreasing in successive generations in response to this environmental change. This is an example of

a. stabilizing selection.
b. character displacement
c. disruptive selection.
d. a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
e. directional selection.

32. Speciation due to polyploidy is

a. most common in plants.
b. most common in animals.
c. equally common in both plants and animals.
d. found only in protozoa.

Short Answer (6 points)

33. Explain the connection between major extinction events and adaptive radiations.
 

34. What is the biological species concept? Describe two situations where this concept is useless for defining species.
 

35. Why are females evolutionarily predisposed to provide more care for offspring?
 

36. What did Stephen Jay Gould mean by saying that evolution by natural selection acts more like a tinkerer than an engineer. Give an example.
 

37. Explain the difference between the multi-regional and monogenesis models of human origin.
 

38. What is the Aspect ratio of a wing that is 30 cm long and 6 cm wide? Would you predict that this is the wing of a long distance flier or a non-migrating ground feeder? Why?